Manawatū Journal of History, no. 6, 2010 (2024)

OCR

This painting has its origins in an invitation to travel to the Netherlands, with a series of works
commemorating, and giving a Maori perspective on, the anniversary of Dutch explorer Abel
Tasman’s arrival in New Zea[...]acrylics, on
watercolour paper. The taniko border of the cloak above the land signifies mana, and that the land
is a land of distinction; the floating threads emanating from the sacred upper edges of the cloak
symbolise the local people’s whakapap[...]active space. Below, the Manawatu River flows out of Te Apiti, the Manawatu Gorge, and meanders
across[...]who became a totara tree and carved out the path of the river on
his way from the Wairarapa, east of the ranges, to the west coast. The canoe of the next navigator,
Kupe, can be seen to the left of Okatia. One of Kupe’s wives was Ruahine, after whom the ranges
to the left of the picture are named. The third great navigator was Tasman, and his boat is also in
the sky, to the left of Kupe’s. Constellations and single stars in the sky are the Maori equivalent
of the compasses that Tasman used as navigational to[...]e Manawatu River
meets the Pohangina was the site of an outpost of the Rangitane people. The site has since been
was[...]y including at
the bottom right edge the patterns of some very old flax belts from the Manawatu Museum (now
Te Manawa). Some of these patterns also appear in the traditional taniko borders of the cloak. The
unusual vertical pattern in the centre of the cloak, which is not traditional, was inspired[...]hapes from that carving also appear on the figure of Okatia.

Lucy Marsden

ISSN 1176-9602

“CLEARED TO LAND”

EARLY DAYS OF AVIATION IN
PALMERSTON NORTH
Graham Parsons

DESI[...]Two)

PROPHET NOT WITHOUT
HONOUR: GUTHRIE WILSON
OF PALMERSTON NORTH
Malcolm Prentis

TEACHING NCEA H[...]e Manwatu -

The Manawatu Savage Club’s
Century of Achievement

By Noel Watts

Reviewed by Noelene R Wevell

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 @

The Treasurer

Manawati Journal of History Inc.
PO Box 1702

Palmerston North 4440[...]opyright permission necessary for the publication of articles.

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ——— 2

Despite these aims, our collection of
articles for 2010 is once more somewhat
eclectic.[...]ton
North are also included, with the second
part of Ivan Mandahl’s reminiscences and an
article on Charles Pemberton, the founder of
Pemberton, once near Rangiwahia.

As I have been compiling this issue of the
journal I have become aware of the extent
to which writers are using websites as a
research tool. The accessibility of historical
resources has meant that research is m[...]tion is growing, and
now includes the first issue of this journal.
The photograph collection is a trea[...]pful. Massey
University has an archivist and some of their
material, particularly photographs and lists
of what is available, is on line. Feilding has its
l[...]chive is also
being developed.

But from my point of view, the advent
of Papers Past has been a revelation. This
year, thr[...]already there. They are searchable, and are
full of fascinating material, easily obtained.
On a perso[...]the material has added
hugely to my understanding of my own
family. [have found that my grandfather, S[...]professional runner and won a considerable
amount of money and several trophies that
we still have, ran off a handicap, often of
several yards (so much for our theory that
he was[...]ned the bootmaking business

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

This year I am pleased to report that[...]ttee member. Eljon
Fitzgerald, a whangai mokopuna of
Rangitane and Ngati Raukawa, is an
experienced so[...]and raised in Palmerston

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North, Eljon is an active member of sports,
iwi and community organisations across
th[...]anawatii region. Eljon was
a collaborating author of Manawatii and Its
Neighbours (2000) and maintains a strong
interest in the history of settlement of in
the Manawati. We are delighted to add his
expertise to our committee.

Again, I want to thank the members of
the committee for their work. They have all
helpe[...]d thoughtful advice over the
contentand structure of the material and Betty
Williamson has been our en[...]aining advertising revenue,
which keeps the price of the journal down.
James Watson, who joined the co[...]vice on
more technical matters such as the ethics of
historical research. This journal has been[...]

GRAHAM PARSONS

W[...]nd land in John Gillespie’s paddock on the edge of the

city on Saturday 31 July 1920, Palmerston No[...]s not, however, the
first person to view the city of Palmerston
North from the air. This distinction g[...]veral spectacular balloon ascents during
her tour of New Zealand in the early 1890s.
After an abortive[...]2 metre balloon as
it rose to an estimated height of 900 metres
before drifting off to the north-west,[...]orses. She landed by
parachute in the sheep yards of a Kairanga
farmer, and was escorted back to Palme[...]by an
enthusiastic crowd.

Following in the wake of Richard Pearse’s
remarkable 320 metre historic[...]i, South Canterbury in 1903, and the
achievements of the Wright Brothers at Kitty
Hawke, North Carolina, a number of intrepid
aeronautical enthusiasts made attempts t[...]ion. In
January 1910, the Barnard Brothers gave
a demonstration of their aeroplane in the
Palmerston North Showgroun[...]was a glider attached to a buggy by a long
length of rope. When towed by horses at
full gallop, it ros[...]tenance
breaks, which severely tried the patience ofof 6
metres, piloted by his intrepid 16 year old

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

One of these pilots was Captain Russell,
who, flying a Walsh Brothers plane, toured
the southern part of the North Island as an
aeronautical publicity exe[...]th on his itinerary. With the
greater reliability of aircraft in the post-war
years, air passenger tra[...]fields at this
time, Vivian Walsh travelled ahead of the
plane, selecting suitable landing paddocks.
H[...]dock on Gillespie’s
farm, on the western corner of Gillespie’s
Line and Boundary Road (since renamed
Tremaine Avenue).

The visit of this first aircraft caused
considerable excitemen[...]tion, 2009N_Av9_TRA_2254

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Local, national and international feats
of aviation were constantly in the news,
and when in[...]h with his Southern Cross
made the first crossing of the Tasman,
aviation fever was running high. Carried
by this wave of enthusiasm, talk inevitably
turned to the development of aviation in
Palmerston North. At a Council Meetin[...]he
incoming Council be recommended to place
a sum of money on next year’s estimates, to
be devoted towards the purchase of a Moth
aeroplane’. The motion was seconded Cr
E[...]grant being made.

On 20 November 1928, a meeting of
local enthusiasts was held, chaired by Mr
M A Elliott, president of the Chamber of
Commerce, and on a motion proposed by Mr
MH Oram[...]McKenzie. Thus the Manawatu
Aero Club became one of the eleven such
clubs then in operation in New Zealand.

The establishment of aero clubs had come
about through the enthusiasm of a small
group of war pilots anxious to maintain
their flying skill[...]artly
by a government anxious to maintain a
corps of trained pilots, and partly by funds
earned throug[...]ining and air
charter. The government’s subsidy of £25 to
each pilot trained to ‘A’ Licence (pr[...]roviding
aircraft, greatly helped the development ofof whom about 60 had
been trained in Palmerston North.

The aims of the Manawatu Aero Club
were to establish an airfi[...]require considerable time
and energy on the part of volunteers, and a
substantial amount of money.

It was estimated that £500 would be
required to achieve their first aim of acquiring
buildings and making surface improvemen[...]sewhere — much to the
relief, one would assume, of the residents of
Park Road!

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By the end of 1930 the land had been
ploughed, levelled and sow[...]and used by aircraft to

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

fly urgent supplies to Na[...]rome
was opened by the Hon] G Cobbe, the Minister
of Defence. Rated as a Class B aerodrome, the
field had a landing distance of 457 metres
heading 250/070 degrees into the preva[...], Mr Smillie eulogized
Mr Oram as the prime mover of aviation in
the Manawatu and the Mayor congratula[...]ld, and
would continue to do so within the limits of
the economic conditions.

M H Oram, first President of the Manawatu Aero
Club, speaking at the opening,[...]1931
was a thrilling spectacle for the thousands
of spectators who attended. Fifteen planes
were pres[...]colm McGregor,
reportedly gave a stunning display of
aerobatics.

Milson airport received its share of visits
by pioneer aviators through the 193[...]

For the club, the next task was[...]d

later a second Gypsy Moth ZK-ABV from Mr
Mills of Auckland for £800. Buying aircraft
was always to[...]ve exercise and
so, to facilitate the acquisition of new aircraft,
the neighbouring aero clubs at Feil[...]n with aviation in Palmerston North
was brief but of considerable significance. He
commenced his dutie[...]tion
on the national and international map.

Born of Scottish descent on 4 March 1896,

‘Mac’ grew[...]a nineteen year old anxious

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

This was an international event with
entries from fifteen countries. Within two
hours of the closing of nominations for
the air race, an emergency meeting of the
Manawatu Aero Club was called and Mr

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10

Oram proposed that th[...]their plane that the
deadline for the completion of the plane had
not been conveyed to the manager an[...]oint for that day. Hence
their ‘waiting’ time of fifteen hours was
counted as flying time s[...]

offshoot of the Union Steamship Company,
was formed in 1935 with a capital of £100,000.
The two men were subsequently appointe[...]ction, 2009N_Av28_TRA_2265.

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

As early as 1932 th[...]er,
the ratepayers at the time were not in favour
of raising the £1700 required to buy the
interest i[...]proached the Council. The ratepayers
had a change of heart and on 22 June 1937
the Council took over t[...]the
improvements. The Council remained the
owners of the Aerodrome until it was taken
over in January[...]f that passengers
would be reassured by the sight of four
engines. The airliners arrived in late 1935[...]ako, Kotuku, and
Karoro.

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12

Meanwhile Maurice Clarke was busy
supervising the building of a huge hangar
and up-to-date workshops at Milson. Another
hangar was built in Dunedin, the southern
terminal of the trunk route. The task of
laying a suitable runway surface was barely
compl[...]edin. Safety standards were high, and
maintenance of the aircraft was rigorous and
thorough. With the help of radio aids set up
and run by the Post Office, and[...]move came in
1947 when Union Airways and a number
of smaller operations were amalgamated
to for[...]

Funeral of Squadron Leader M C McGregor, 21 February 1936. I[...]to the grass surface arose
with the introduction of the DC3 aircraft by
NAC in October 1947 and in th[...]way unusable
in wet weather, the expensive option of a
sealed runway had to be considered. On
9 March 1955 Mr Shand, the Minister of
Civil Aviation, received a Palmerston North
deput[...]ilson. Alarming photographs showed
graphic images of aeroplane wheel tracks
in a sea of mud. Aerodrome Committee
Chairman, D T Spring put[...]lson, accessible by road and rail,
virtually free of fog and low cloud and with
surrounding flat land[...]ards a sealed runway but shied away
from the idea of an international airport,
stipulating that it be[...]l 1958 the
1220 metre runway was open at the cost of
£101,040, paid half by the government and

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

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14

lies the Manawatu Districts Aero Club
headquarters. With the development of
Milson as a commercial airport, the Aero
Club’s[...]reement was struck with the local council
for use of the land in exchange for free
perpetual flying ri[...]ce this
enterprising establishment, the initiator of
what has come to be a thriving centre of
aviation will continue to foster interest in
flying. Many of the pilots trained here will
no doubt continue in[...]flying
either for commercial airlines or in areas of
defence, thus assuring our future in aviation
in[...]Cunningham, G.H. Mac’s Memoirs. The Flying Life
of Squadron-Leader McGregor. Wellington, A. H.
& A. W. Reed, 1937.

Gardiner, H. Skyways of Maoriland. Wellington,
McKenzie Thornton Cooper, 1934.

Johnson, J. W. Union Airways: a Short History of
Union Airways of New Zealand Ltd 1936-1947.
Wellington, Aviation Historical Society of
New Zealand, 1985.

White, Leo. Wingspread. The Pioneering of Aviation
in New Zealand. Auckland, Unity Press, 1[...].co.nz/history.html.

Linklater, R.G. The History of Milson Airport
“How It All Began” Air[...]

the best preserved of the early state housing schemes developed

by the[...]significance

is now widely recognised.

The lack of satisfactory housing for workers
was not at that[...]standards increased,
concern focused on the slums of the inner
cities which were regarded as sites of disease
and crime. Housing construction had slowed
in the Depression of the 1930s; this resulted
in a critical shortage of houses and a major
survey showed evidence of overcrowding.

The new Labour Government, elected[...]Housing in New Zealand published by the
Ministry of Works in 1949, the architect Cedric
Firth explain[...]an adequate road
system, and to a certain amount of medical
care. Probably it would be true to say th[...]long-standing problem. Walter
Nash, the Minister of Finance, announced
in the 1936 Budget that 5,000[...]ens, had
shown the West End block to the Minister
of Education, Peter Fraser, who was at once
interested and facilitated the purchase of the
land by the Housing Department. The land
had[...]ciples and
will not have the rectangular severity of

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Immediately the Savage Crescent sch[...]older resident recalled
that before their family of five obtained a
house they had been living in ten[...]division between
1938 and 1944. Forty-six percent of the houses
had two bedrooms but as families grew[...]he first tenants represented a wide
cross section of professional and _ skilled
occupations. For examp[...]o librarians, two managers, three drivers
and one of each of the following trades:
baker, carpenter, upholster[...]as intended that tenants

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

16

could rent their home for life. A few of the
original Savage Crescent residents have done[...]th overly ‘cheerful’ colour
schemes. The lack of garages wasa continuing
disadvantage.

The Nation[...]e at 12/6 a week for up
to 40 years. Now only 30% of the houses in
the precinct are still state rental[...]its tenants
the opportunity to purchase. A number of
the remaining rental units, however, are not
on s[...]ployment and a
stimulus to the economy at the end of the
Depression was another important objective
of Labour’s housing scheme. The new
subdivision pr[...]d. The
firm also provided employment for a number
of the early tenants.

Another important loca[...]

polished marble and cement com[...]for the sink benches and the firm
grew to be one of the largest in Palmerston
North. Other firms also[...]ndertaken by
Higgins, Arcus and Co. Forty percent of
the houses were required to use some form
of brick veneer and this provided stimulus
to local[...]de in
Palmerston North. The well-established firm
of Alexander Clark Ltd provided paint and
wallpaper.[...]loyed in
housing construction.

17

Collection of Te Manawa Museums Trust.

The Savage Crescent Conservation Area
illustrates perfectly some of the influential
town-planning principles of the time; this is
one of the reasons for its heritage status. From
the beginning of the twentieth century there
was a growing belief[...]ing should contribute to the health
and happiness of the residents and should
also be aesthetically pleasing. The concept of
the ‘garden suburb’ which would create an
environment for families away from the evils
of the city became the ideal. This was the
emphasis of the Town Planning Conference
held in Wellington i[...]termination by the Labour Government.
The success of the original Labour state
housing scheme as compared with earlier

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Early plan of Savage Crescent State Housing Area. (Street names[...]lace; islands for tree planting; varied positions of houses on
sections. The hatched squares on houses[...]Matheson City Archives.

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ——— 18

A noteworthy aspect of Savage Crescent is
its connection with some of those key public
servants — the planners and de[...]s. The most important is Arthur
Tyndall, Director of Housing Construction
(1936-40). John A Lee, the f[...]time,
is often credited with the initial success of the
Labour state housing scheme. However, in
the[...]aries 1936-40 Lee wrote that
Tyndall was ‘[O]ne of New Zealand's great
civil servants. He is the one mind capable of
doing what we proposed administratively
if I prov[...]was awarded
the CMG for his services in 1939. One of
his achievements was attracting a team of
talented staff such as Gordon Wilson and the
Town[...]the plans
and Hammond is commemorated in the
name of Hammond Place in the precinct.

Hammond was train[...]intment as Town Planner to the
Housing Department of the State Advances
Corporation in 1936. His plan[...]escent Block illustrates perfectly the
principles of the garden suburb. The central
street, Savage Cre[...]re enhanced by
tree planting. An active programme of tree
planting and maintenance continues today.
Th[...]ubs were also provided to new
residents and a few of the original flowering
cherries are still flouris[...]ardens with low nib walls
would create the effect of a large community
garden and after seventy years parts of the
inner streets retain this aspect. This enhances
the heritage value of Savage Crescent since
in later subdivisions the H[...]ironment. To further enhance
the park-like effect of the streets, electricity
and telephone services were supplied to the
precinct via overhead wires at the rear of
the sections. This was a major innovation
and Sav[...]ter.

Gordon Wilson, the other outstanding
member of Tyndall's staff, was first the Chief
Architect of the Housing Division, then
Government Architect.[...]lity
for approving plans provided by a wide range
of government and private architects. Four
hundred d[...]onstantly revised, often in response
to the views of residents. Wilson’s name
appears on most of the Savage Crescent house
plans. He was a modernist and won awards
for his designs of large city buildings such
as the Dixon Street fla[...]t shapes
and introduced the open plan arrangement
of living rooms. Though many private

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Most designs are variations of the English Domestic
Revival style (top). The Mod[...]Pat Scrivens, July 2010.

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20

simplified versions of Arts and Crafts, Art
Deco and other architectural influences.
Several duplexes are notable examples of
the Art Deco/Moderne style. The houses
are regard[...]arefully
designed to meet the taste and functions of
the modern family of the 1940s. Unlike the
earlier villas and bungalow[...]inued round the north facing
living room for most of the day. These solar
principles were applied through detailed
calculations of the position of the sun in
winter and summer. A small ‘sun room[...]tility room. Kitchens were
transformed with banks of floor to ceiling
cupboards, better lighting and the provision
of the new terrazzo or stainless steel benches.
The[...]here beyond
the wash house.

The decorative style of the interior, with
its light colours and lack of ornamentation,
echoed the latest contemporary trends. The
fire surrounds were tiled with a simple
framing of native wood and many owners
have seen no reason t[...]ro styles are keen
to restore the interior design of the period
and the glow of the matai floors in perfect
condition whic[...]

The development of community life was
another emphasis of town planning at the
time. The neighbourhood was[...]the early years, drawn together
by the activities of the many children and
by the work of establishing homes and
gardens. One of the first residents said that
the pride in the bl[...]esidents to maintain their sections. The
majority of the children went to West End
School and the many[...]e cul de sacs to the main roads
brought all parts of the suburb into easy, safe
walking distance. Olde[...]iation raised funds for
a hall planned at the end of Hodgens Place

21

but when there were objections[...]ng children was erected
in the 1960s. Though part of the area is now
used regularly for junior sport o[...]d up. The reserve is however
the defining feature of the whole suburb
and there would be no support fo[...]precinct began early. In 1946, a large
collection of documentary photographs were
made by the Prime Mi[...]workers in
New Zealand’ as well as the benefits of
social security. Jack and Betty Evans of 5
Mansford Place, who were the first tenants
in t[...]sociates to prepare a Conservation
Plan. Stage II of the Plan contained a series of
fourteen recommended conservation policies
for the future use and development of the
Precinct. At the same time Ian Bowman, a
cons[...]ed to be distributed to all

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Jan Matheson City Archives.

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Dec[...]il had a
far reaching influence on the protection of
the area. In June 1996, rules were stated in
the[...]onservation Area. The important
Section R 10.74.1 of the Plan deals with rules
governing alterations a[...]ves.

the change will have on the historic values
of the Savage Crescent Conservation Area.

I have talked with a number of residents
and my impression is that most people
a[...]a conservation area, even though their
knowledge of its history may be rather
hazy. Most approve the[...]den without damage to
heritage significance. Much of this may be
attributed to the influence of the Guidelines
which accepts that owners will wan[...]regulation and generally this
has worked in spite of the lack of progress on
many recommendations in the Conservation
Reports of the 1990s. It may be time for these
to be revisit[...]visitors
could interfere with the quiet enjoyment of
their homes.

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Donated by Mrs Joyce Gordon to the lan Matheson City Archives.

The general satisfaction of residents, the
warm recollections of those who once lived
there and the continued interest of first home
buyers suggest that the decisions of the
original planners and of the City Council have
been good ones. The precinc[...]ising degree its residents
remain a cross section of the community
and with its popularity for first home buyers
a new generation of children are appearing.
The Savage Crescent Conservation Area
provides a model of the way which town
planning and architecture can[...]ving. It remains a distinctive feature on any
map of the city and it continues to provide as
satisfact[...]th, Dunmore Press, 1994.

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24

Firth, Cedric. State Housing in New Zealand.
Wellington, Ministry of Works, 1949.

Schrader, Ben. We Call It Home. A History of State
Housing in New Zealand. Auckland, Reed,
200[...]b. BArch 373 Research Report, Victoria
University of Wellington, n.d.

Curran, NJ. Residents’ Percep[...]n TV New Zealand, 1994.

Note: With the exception of Curran (1990),
Ferguson (1994), and Firth[...]

25

attempts to make good use of the sours
proved successful, according to all accounts,
and jars of orange marmalade soon appeared
on her shelves alo[...]nd to Guernsey
in the Channel Islands, as a means of
reducing costs and avoiding the sugar tax
imposed[...]9, when the sugar tax was
abolished. The 22 years of trading from
Guernsey, withtheadvantageoflowercos[...]and colonial markets, established
the foundations of a worldwide company,

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

After Mary’s death in 1883, her sons,[...]ealand
is unclear. However, they did have letters
of introduction to people in New Zealand
and these m[...]e replicated in
Atawhai.

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26

Photograph cou[...]

They also owned several houses, one
of which became the centre for their other
siblings[...]farming community hada very self-contained
circle of friends. Family and relations were
the main visit[...]irch and went to live on the North
Island station of Erewhon. In 1904 Ethel
married Frederick Watson,[...]courtesy Patricia Keiller.

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

In 1900, Edwin Keiller married Muriel
Wai[...]ile
Muriel, in 1903. In 1905, Muriel Keiller died of
tuberculosis while carrying her third child.
Concerned for the welfare of his children,
Edwin asked his mother-in-law, Jani[...]urtesy Patricia Keiller.

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28

Albert and Edwin deci[...]re on low-
lying land and the conventional wisdom of
the time was that living on high ground with
plenty of fresh air was needed for protection
against tuber[...]and
Edwin's children. Eventually, after the sale
of the Bulls property, both Albert and Ernest
Keille[...]sed in domestic residences, was
known for his use of seasoned timber and
had designed houses for other members of
the family in the Rangitikei. In 1908, Natusch
ha[...]North,
so he was on hand to oversee the building
of what was to be a very different-looking
home from[...]n, Tudor
style houses. Albert and Edwin had ideas of
what they wanted their house to look like,[...]

The north facing side of the house has two
large open verandahs. The upsta[...]ded gallery, it too
could be used as an extension of the upstairs
drawing room but was more often used[...]n behind three wide arched entrances,
reminiscent of the entrance to Fernwood
in Wimbledon Park. These[...]uare feet each, with slightly sloping
floors made of heartwood Australian jarrah.

The four solid vert[...]g the
verandahs are each a single continuous slab
of kauri, measuring the full height of the
house with its ground floor stud of fifteen
feet and first floor stud of twelve feet.

The three square bay window areas on
each corner of the L echo the tower corners of
the Wimbledon Park house and were also a
Natusch[...]style. The
wide, low-tread staircase on the right of the
hall led up to a gallery, from either end of
which a further four steps at either end went
to the wings of the house. The balustrade
was painted in black la[...]rass lamps
on the ground floor posts at the start of the
staircase. On the left of the hall was a dark-
stained panelled wall leadin[...]Wace poaah ype rayine

Plan of Atawhai (Fergusson Hall) before the alterations i[...]Massey University Archives.

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

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30

Photograph court[...]side the ‘L’ at the back was the working
part of the house. On the short side were
bathrooms, both[...]ing room. Added on to the original
neat structure of the house, at a slightly lower
level, were two wa[...]with very small wire
mesh), a dairy on the corner of the house
with a marble shelf table used t[...]

On the kitchen side of the back door
was the laundry with three wooden t[...]ert and
Edwin. But first they had to devise a way
of getting the materials up to the top of the
escarpment. There was originally only a
narro[...]a side drive to the stables. The
outer buildings of stables and a workshop
were also built of heartwoods. The stables
were of a traditional design, three sides of
a square. There were two large loose boxes
on the[...]and the garden equipment.

The workshop consisted of a loft for hay,
and on the ground floor a large e[...]as well as
building up two tennis courts in front of the
verandah side of the house.

D>

Edwin died of tuberculosis in 1909, leaving
Janie Potts with the responsibility of bringing
up two grandchildren. In 1910 Albert Kei[...]inesses and
enterprises. Albert remained the head of the
family finances, keeping meticulous records
ofof the family finances. The
design of the sunken rose garden was based
on the focal point of a ponga tree in a clump
of residual bush at the far end of the garden.
The 1936 cyclone smashed many of the trees
that Geoffrey Potts had planted and som[...]ens; this forced further
clearing and restructure of the plantings
in the garden. Glasshouses, built a[...]undary, were used first for

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Over the years the house itself had a
number of changes, starting after Brian

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

32

Photograph Courtes[...]Harcourt
in 1932. Helena took over the management
of Atawhai, accepting all the family already
living[...]’s first change
was to install an Aga stove for cooking and
warmth in the kitchen. It was the first Aga
i[...]es and versatility to at least
fifteen people per demonstration. It burnt
coke, hence the need to convert[...]

The bedrooms were mainly move[...]al way in the smoking
room, in the central corner of the house. This
was the main room for afternoon t[...]the war
an air-raid shelter was built in the side of
the hill facing the wattle filled gully. Later,
i[...]ishings. It
also became the holiday home for many of
Brian and Helena’s friends’ children and a
ba[...]ee
for supper on the lawn outside, along the
side of the house. The rooms and marquee
were magnificent[...]were available each week during the
year for any of the Church floral arrangers,
apart from Helena Keiller’s rostered time of
every third week of the month for over 30
years.

The house provided[...]paddock beyond the blossom

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Atawhai to the
Trust[...]has continued to
be a welcoming home for the care of young
people, a home in which kindness and
friendship and the enjoyment of life and
learning can be fostered and taken out i[...]odgson, T. E R. Charles Tilleard Natusch: A Folio of
Houses. Wellington, Eastgate, 1979.

Joblin, D. Behold the Plains: The story of the old houses
of Massey. Auckland, Longman Paul, 1970.

Mathew, W. M. The Secret History of Guernsey
Marmalade: James Keiller & Son Offshore,[...]ciete Guernesiaise, 1998.

Mathew, W. M. Keillers of Dundee: The Rise of
the Marmalade Dynasty. Dundee, Abertay
Historical[...]ONE sal Neco TLLOLE Cel

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

Bali

326 Main St,[...]

D>

DONALD G

IRVINE

The story of the early settlement of New Zealand is one of

coastal occupation by both Maori and Europeans, followed

by subdivision of the land. For the most part the early Maori

established settlements on the coast and on the open areas ofof the east coasts of both islands. Their

subdivision of the land, however, was based on English principles

of private land title, developed since the Norman Conquest.

The importance of the early surveyors
in this process should not be overlooked.
There were early charts of the New Zealand
coastline, but the interior of the new country
was largely unknown and unmapped. It
was the role of the surveyor to provide the
topographical maps th[...]rovided a
government guarantee as to the accuracy of
the land title surveys.

The new country of New Zealand after

35

1840 was subdivided into P[...]Farm Association was founded,
with the intention of purchasing Wairarapa
land for closer subdivision. This was the
beginning of planned small scale farming
in New Zealand. It me[...]1885 established the Waste

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

The early settlement of Wanganui (now
Whanganui) and the surrounding open
grasslands meant that by the 1880s it was the
centre of farming, trade and commerce in the
northern part of the Wellington Province.
Further population growt[...]. In 1885 a Wanganui
Small Farms Association, one of several in
the Wellington Province, was establish[...]sequently
he acted as Engineer to the Road Boards of
the district and as Consulting Engineer to
the Ra[...]By 1884, he was
responsible for the construction of about
2,000 miles of roads in the district.

To be a surveyor in the l[...]upation. There were long

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

36

Wim GE
ee +
ie[...]mentioned in the text.
Map: Signmakers.

periods of living and working in a small
self-contained part[...]addition, there was resistance to the
activities of the surveyors from the local
Maori inhabitants. There are newspaper
records of three such occasions involving
Charles Pemberton. The first was in October
1883 at Karioi, when Aropeta of Murimotu
was arrested on the charge of ‘the larceny of
theodolites’ and taken to Wanganui by two
constables. The newspapers of the day lost
no opportunity to comment on the parlous
state of the roading networks when they
reported that: ‘[...]motu. They must add
their testimony to the chorus of witnesses
who are calling on the County Co[...]

>)

In the 1870s the governme[...]ed
several large land blocks in the northern
part of the Wellington Province as Waste
Land. These incl[...]and Oroua Rivers. In about 1871,
the western part of this block was leased by
W S Marshall and Ewen Mc[...]n in
June 1877, 104,000 acres in the eastern part
of the block was purchased for £51,961 from
Ngati H[...]The terms
required by government included: 1/3rd_ of
the area to be vested in the local authority
for[...]n half-
yearly instalments; they must be a member
of a Small Farms Association; and must
either live o[...]ter,
Marion Edith Wilkie, wrote: ‘My father was
of a restless nature’ so it is not surprising
that[...]85 he and a
Mr. Knox reported on their inspection of the
Otamakapua Block. At the meeting decisions
were made to acceptthe government valuation
of £1 per acre and request a detailed survey
of the chosen area. A subcommittee was
formed to est[...]erton Small
Farms Association.

The first meeting of this new Association
was on 1 May 1885. By 22 May a set of rules
was adopted. A management committee
of fourteen prospective settlers, including
Charles,[...]l land. On 4 June 1885, the

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

‘It is observed that the names of some
women appear on the list of members. If these
are the wives ofof Charles and
Avice; her name is recorded on a sect[...]e deed for the same section.

The Under-Secretary of Lands also
advised the new association that surveying
would commence immediately, on payment
of the first instalment of 7% pence/acre. A

survey party under A E Ashcroft[...]200 acre rural
sections, together with a network of ‘paper
roads’. Ashcroft’s diary records on[...]harles took up a 107 acre section at the
junction of the present roads to Ohingaiti,
Mangaweka and Kim[...]rnest Pemberton had an adjoining
section. Members of the Field family also took
up land nearby. Ashcro[...]urvey
land in the district to complete the survey of

16

100.0.98

J. Stent

JF Ruscoe[...]HARuscoe |

Pemberton Corner

The names of the owners, shown on the sections, are taken from[...]s L Pemberton'’s wife.

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

Map: Land Informat[...]

However, the beginnings of Pemberton
were not easy. In June 1888, Dudley J Eyre,
the Secretary/Treasurer of the Pemberton
Association, absconded to North Ame[...]id to the Land Office.
This action forced several of the members
to abandon their partly developed sec[...]Pemberton
Block development to succeed, a centre
of community in the district was needed.
He made lan[...]ter Marion wrote, ‘We were not
well off — few of the pioneers were and
Father would never borrow m[...]1893, a
substantial hotel opened; the Cyclopedia of
New Zealand reported in 1897 that Pemberton
Hotel was ‘a convenient building of wood
and iron... [It] contains thirteen rooms of
which eight are bedrooms, containing about
fiftee[...]r settlers
had developed the nearby surveyed Town of
Rangiwahia and several of the Pemberton
village businesses re-located to Rangiwahia;
it became the centre of the community.
Like many other transitory settlem[...]ngaged by the government to

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

There is an enthusia[...]into life in the settlement, recorded
in a series of reports in the Wanganui
Chronicle in February 188[...]ved.
The articles describe the visit to Pemberton
of an anonymous correspondent, ‘Amateur
Bushman’[...]ks’ pony and horseback... We were not
appraised of the beautiful scenery awaiting
us on the track... at every conceivable point
of this serpentine road fresh scenery burst
upon our[...]yes, and we were fairly
entranced at the richness of the vast expanse
of country before us. About eight miles from
the commencement of this track is a trig
station, called the Peep o’ Day... It was from
this point of vantage that Mr Pemberton
and others picked out t[...]the eye can reach, there

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40

are vast tracts of unoccupied forest country...
Clearings in every direction were plainly
noticeable, and in scores of places burnings
were taking place, the smoke from[...]iry, stockyard, piggery and fenced
ina large plot of garden land... the growth is
wonderful, fruit tre[...]nces manifest...
A chubby little daughter [Helen] of some
four months old blesses with its presence th[...]it seems a trial at first to the
‘guid wifes’ of our noble backwoods men
to be isolated, as it wer[...]eautiful, light, buoyant feeling takes
possession of you.”

Overthe next few days ‘Amateur Bushman[...]ing companion visited to the
north, east and west of the Pemberton village
recording his impres[...]

He ends his series of reports as follows:

‘IT cannot close my remarks without a
word of praise to those noble fellows who
have put up wit[...]but against an oppressive individual in the
shape of the Hon Richardson, Minister of
Lands, whose great aim seems to be to retard
land settlement, and grind the last copper
out of the hardworking backwoodsman.’ He
then comments[...]e realistic
insight into life in those early days of the
settlement:

‘My mother’s life at Pembert[...]est in all the world! While
he developed the farm of 200 acres, Mother
made butter and jam for sale, s[...]he tins when empty were very useful for
all sorts of purposes — water was generally
drawn from a wel[...]remember my mother putting some
hay in the bottom of the tin before placing
the mason jars full of fruit in. Of course there
was some water in the tin as well. A[...]far away days.’

D>

In 1903, at the age of 44, Charles was still
‘restless’. His younger[...]ere. By this time a terrible drought and
a plague of locusts had come down upon
that part of Africa. When Father was fit to
travel, all he saw[...]Charles purchased a 52
acre farm at Rapanui, west of Wanganui, to go
dairy farming. He commenced taking milk to
the Rapanui Creamery on 18 December 1903.
A team of carpenters was building the new
family home. Marion records that it was ‘a

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Forty-six-year-old Charles was still ‘of
a restless nature’ in 1905, when he took up
1,100 acres of Maori leasehold covered in
standing bush. Situate[...]oad and about ten miles from
Raetihi, it was part of the Ohutu Block.
Marion gives an insight into events:

‘Gangs of bushmen were engaged and
Father spent most of his time there, while
Mother and I carried on at[...]aking butter. We had 500 hens and the
same number of ducks. The skim milk was
made into curds and thes[...]not unusual in the summer
for me to get the herd of 20 cows in at 2
a.m. Mother could not milk and Helen [the
elder daughter] was at College. Of course
there were no machines in those days. On
r[...]arion recalled:

‘Mother hated leaving in spite of all the

work. She dreaded being buried in the bu[...]bridle tracks for roads

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

42

and mail deliv[...]

PRINCIPAL SOURCES

Books

Cyclopedia of New Zealand, Vol 1. Christchurch,
The Cyclopedia[...]itical Recollections and Leaves from the
Writings of a New Zealand Journalist, 1851-1877.
Dunedin; Hoc[...]bituary for H C Field. Transactions & Proceedings
of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Vol 44, 1911.
http://rsnz.natlib.gov[...]ww.robertembroideries.co.nz

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Pleased to support the Manawatu Journal
of History.

PRESTIGE

TINA A aD) MREINZ

result of vandalism. The old chapel at the centre of the cemetery

was also derelict.

This is Palmers[...]were people so shocked and dismayed
by the state of the cemetery that they made
submissions to the Pa[...]ally
establish a group to be known as the Friends
of the Terrace End Cemetery.

Pat was elected to cha[...]Palmerston North City
Council. By 2004 the state of the Terrace End
Cemetery was testament to that. It was a
green oasis of trees and shrubs, dotted here
and there with colo[...]years, the cemetery has again begun
to show signs of neglect. Long grass grows
in some of the gravesites, piles of leaves blow

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Nevertheless, at least Pat’s years of work
mean that the cemetery is still, in 2010, at
the stage of needing just a spring clean, not
the massive reno[...]n that
Pat’s group faced back in the 1990s. One of
the enduring projects that Pat brought
to fruition as Friends chairman was the
publication in booklet form of a cemetery
walk, first researched by City Archivi[...]on, in 1986. Ian located information
on the lives of a number of the people whose
mortal remains were laid to rest[...]early demonstrated that cemeteries
are not places of death, but rather places rich
with life.

On 29 A[...]peace with his forebears
in the Catholic section of the Terrace End
Cemetery. His life story has become part of
the rich tapestry of experience that still, for
the most part, remains[...]n Pat’s case,
in 1996 he decided to record some of his
reminiscences and over a period of months he
spent many hours talking to me, answeri[...]pasted newspaper clippings
and other memorabilia of the events that
were important in the lives of the Kelliher
household. Extracts from the writings that
resulted from those meetings form the
content of this article.

‘Ttell people I was “born ina[...]on 23 December, 1912...

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46

I was the second eldest in a family of nine
and the second boy in the family.

‘My fat[...]acting work. He might do up to five
hundred acres of ploughing as one contract,
and he did very well f[...]ys! ...

‘My mother, Maria (Minny) Tierney, was
of Irish parentage, but born in New Zealand.
She met[...]and it must have been very hard rearing a
family of eight (one child had died by then).
However, we m[...]salted (my mother seemed
to know about that sort of thing)... Our diet

Pat attended the Loburn[...]but failed the Proficiency Examination at
the age of twelve. He worked picking apples
and laboured as[...]sit’. The certificate cost him 5/-: ‘The
rest of my family always said I bought it!’

‘In 1929[...]I was big and strong.
I got farm jobs for a wage of 5/- a week plus
my keep, living with my employers[...]s in
Linton Street and the big store out the back
of Hodder and Tolley, in Taonui Street. I then
worke[...]sixpence an hour. One day I saw the pay
envelope of a person who lived in Foxton.
He was working the[...]ing time and a half and
even double time for part of Saturday. I wrote
to the union in Wellington and[...]DX46 in the Australian Army.
Photograph courtesy of the Kelliher family.

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Pat described his experience of desert
warfare as follows:

‘Itwasa waiting gam[...]then a time would follow for
counting the losses of men and equipment
and reorganising for the next o[...]ours. Artillery had an observation
post up front. Of course there was little radio
communication in ou[...]signal machine, morse code, and they would
advise of any movements, activities and
positions and dista[...]d to capture the world, and that wasn’t
our way of life. That was the way I looked at
it, anyway.”[...]end in 1943. He was hospitalised in Cairo
because of sinus trouble caused by the desert
dust and was t[...]medically
unfit for front line service. The rest of his
division was sent to the Pacific Islands but[...]‘

~
—e
ose

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On the way to New Zealand[...]about to start their voyage.

Photograph courtesy of the Kelliher family.

‘Istarted off by myself, bought the licence,
which you cannot do today. I knew of a land
agent who was giving up. What I did was to[...],
a building owned by Arthur Hopwood, at
the back of the Midland Hotel building. The
first Palmerston[...]to a working
partnership with Craigwin Homes, one of the
building firms that flourished during the era[...]aland Government made
loans with an interest rate of 3% available
to couples with a young family throu[...]amily benefit
capitalisation was an integral part of the
scheme. Pat describes the role of his agency:

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

‘I bought the land on behalf of Craigwin
and had it surveyed and subdivided and..[...]ever built less than three-bedroom
homes, because of the loan and capitalisation
regulations. To get e[...]garage or a drive then they paid extra [but]
most of them did that work themselves.
Our biggest subdiv[...]ing properties for rental
and soon owned a number of houses dotted
all over Palmerston North. It was v[...]terprise:

‘The boys, John and Kevin, were part of
my maintenance gang. They would mow the
lawns and during school holidays they would
spend most of the time with me renovating
properties for the ne[...]two sections and then had
two two-storied blocks of 12 flats erected.
I paid £5,000 for the whole property and I

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50

only had £1,000 to p[...]hen the family would be in dire
straits.’

Many of Pat’s rental properties were
tenanted by young[...]ng them as ‘pigs’ for the
state in which most of them kept and left
their flats. It was a relationship of mutual
dislike — there are many ex-Massey stude[...]member Pat, in his role as their
landlord, as one of life’s less pleasant
experiences.

But if Pat h[...]for his student
tenants, he was always a champion of people
he saw as having a raw deal and tha[...]

From left. Back row: Cr John F[...]rth City Library, 2007N_Cc21_PNCC_1011

beginning of a 31-year career in local body
politics. As Pat r[...]that
Council. Others were the ‘establishment’ of
Palmerston North - all business guys, bar
[Philip[...]hen I quietly sat down - to the extreme
annoyance of the mayor.’

Pat was a constant irritant, alway[...]to be
unfair, underhand or favouring one section
of the community over another. The local
newspaper quickly gave him the nickname
of ‘The City Watchdog’ and Pat was proud
to be c[...]Masonic Lodge be permitted

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Desp[...]but not easy... I was never
ever given the honour of chairing acommittee,
not until 1971 when Brian El[...]nty
Councils and Feilding Borough [Council].
Much of our discussion centred round
raising the matter of dangerous corners and
so on with various councils[...]uccess in training drivers to become better.
Many of them were referred from the courts
after driving[...]d
for some years. Council had always had a
policy of stop-go building programmes. As
they could borrow Government money at
low rates of interest, I always felt it was a
golden opportuni[...]nity houses, on the grounds
that this was the job of private enterprise. My
argument was that as the G[...]ton North...

‘Iwas also given the chairmanship of Civil
Defence in the city. We had many successful
exercise days, and we built up a team of
volunteers to cover all facets of a disaster
and were considered one of the strongest
units in New Zealand. We had hundreds ofof Te Manawa Museums Trust, accession number 86.167/86

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

Photograph courtesy of the Kelliher family.

It is, however, the times when Pat was
prepared to stand out against the majority
of his fellow councillors for which he is best
remem[...]an money being raised and got the required
number of signatures to force a referendum.
When palm trees[...]sixth
when I retired!’

—— 53

The story of how Pat’s long council service
was nearly cut s[...]radio time signals were the most accurate
measure of time and according to these,
midday had passed se[...]ssion. By then, not only
had Pat earned the title of Palmerston North’s
longest-serving city council[...]ervice was acknowledged in the New Year's
Honours of 1985 when he was made an MBE
(Member of the Order of the British Empire).

Pat’s last service to his community was
his decade of work with the Friends of the
Terrace End Cemetery. In recognition of this,
in March 2006, a memorial seat was installe[...]n avenging angel, should
the current untidy state of the cemetery be
allowed to deteriorate any further.

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® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ——— 54

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

From 1953 to 1961 he lectured in Geography
at the University of Adelaide, being promoted
to Senior Lecturer. His[...]ar reconstruction.
He also edited the Proceedings of the South
Australian Branch of the Royal Geographical
Society, was one of the founding members
of the Institute of Australian Geographers,
encouraged the Adelaide T[...]hich he directed several

plays.

During a period of overseas leave in
1960-61 he visited some sixty g[...]lington. He was invited to apply
for the position of principal at Palmerston
North University College[...]ve
closer to his family.

He took up the position of Principal of
PNUC in September 1961. The small college
had bee[...]sity.
In July 1961, a Council for the Development of

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

56

Keith Thomson as[...]ming well-
informed. He had made a thorough study of
Australian universities, the problems they
faced,[...]extramurally.
He favoured the eventual formation of a full
university in Palmerston North, but[...]

The Massey University College of
Manawatu Act, combining the two
institutions, wen[...]rliament in
September 1962, the inaugural meeting of the
new College’s Council was held 19 December[...]l
college would have little status.

The question of who would become
Principal of the new College was a delicate
one, especially si[...]position went, however, to Dr Alan
Stewart, head of Massey Agricultural
College, and Thomson was appointed
Professor of Geography from 1 January 1963,
at a salary of £3,000 a year. He was also made
Dean of the new Faculty of General Studies
for an initial term of two years, any extension
of that period to be at the discretion of the
College Council. In fact, he was to remain a
Dean for most of his career, a position calling
for academic and a[...]arguments. Stewart
was not initially a supporter of extramural
studies, and Thomson stayed largely to
protect that and other activities of the former
PNUC. Despite this uncomfortable start[...]llecting, museums and art
galleries.

The Faculty of General Studies, comprising
all the departments of the former PNUC,
expanded during its short life ([...]e degree
by studying extramurally, and a Bachelor of
Commerce was proposed. It was expected
that by 19[...]e 800 to as
many as 3,000. Meanwhile, a committee of
the University Council, set up to consider
the development of the arts, recommended
that General Studies be split into a Faculty
of Humanities, (comprising Departments
of English and Modern Languages and
later Philosophy) and a Faculty of Social
Sciences (History, which later moved to
Hu[...]ies came into being in 1965, with
Thomson as Dean of Social Sciences. In 1968
they moved from the Hoko[...]as growing world-wide, and he
was a keen advocate of the social sciences
in the university. During his tenure the
number of internal students enrolled in his
Faculty grew fr[...]06 in
1989 (the year he retired) while the number
of extramural students increased more than
fourfold, from 1201 to 5250. This growth was
second only to that of the Faculty of Business
at this time. Underpinnng it was Thomson’s
continuous encouragement of innovation in
the introduction of new subjects, many not
traditional subjects for university study:

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Professor Keith Thomson, Dean of Social Sciences,
early 1980s.
Massey University A[...]hich he was always well prepared.
Despite his air of formality and confidence
he was approachable, esp[...]dals, or with bare feet.

® THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

————_ 58

He once calculated that he spent equal
amounts of time on teaching and research,
on work connected with the Faculty, and on
looking after the Department of Geography.
However, his work as Dean inevitably took
up more of his time as the Faculty grew,
and he later felt that he should have ceased
being Head of Department sooner. Some of
his colleagues shared this view, including
Bryan[...]ering their talents, but this led to
a perception of favouritism, adding to the
schisms and stresses t[...]ntacts
among geographers world-wide, and when
one of his staff was due to go overseas on
study leave w[...]You should
see ...’ He arranged a steady stream of highly
qualified visiting lecturers and professor[...]was held at Massey 1974 and
he was also Chairman of the Organising
Committee of the 56th Australia and New
Zealand Association for the Advancement
of Science Congress on the theme of ‘Science
in a Changing Society’ (1987). These[...]ts,
he taught a senior level paper on the history
of geographic thought, as well as some
introd[...]

59 ——_—

Tempest. A reviewer in the Ev[...]s Vice-Chancellor Sir William Gowers
in Trelawney of the Wells at Massey.

As Vice Chancellor Sir William Gower in Trelawney
of the Wells, 1989, Massey University.
Massey Univer[...]and played President Roosevelt
in two productions of Annie (1982 and 1991).
He was also involved in th[...]merston North dramatic groups included
the Bishop of Poitiers in The Devils (1967) a
highly controvers[...]embers that he particularly

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Like his interest[...]nterbury Museum, and
studied anthropology as part of his masters
degree. In 1987 he said, ‘I think a[...]pressors is likely to be sterile and... in
danger of becoming totalitarian... [Artists]
make us look a[...]governments to be more generous
in their funding of all cultural facilities.
From the 1960s to the 1990s he served on, and
frequently led, the governing bodies of three
cultural organizations that were able to mo[...]in Palmerston North
in 1961 he joined the Council of the then
Manawatu Society of Arts, which put on
travelling exhibitions in a small (and leaky)
gallery on the corner of Grey and Carroll
Streets. He served variously as[...]4. Major grants were
received from the Department of Internal
Affairs and the Palmerston North City
Co[...]It cost less than $500,000, and is still, as
part of Te Manawa, a stylish and generally
functional building.

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60

Thomson was involved[...]nawatu Museum Society from 1970 to
1993, for much of this time as President
or Vice-President. From 19[...]ry Street was run by
volunteers; it was comprised of items from a
collection dating back to the early[...]h
the City Council and other bodies, and a
period of great uncertainty, it was finally
agreed that the[...]approach
to museology, had been appointed Curator
of the Manawatu Museum in the mid 1970s,
and other p[...]that advised
the Government on the establishment of the
Ministry of Culture, Thomson served on the
Council of the Art Galleries and Museums
Association of New Zealand (AGMANZ)
from 1963 to 1987, for some of this time as
President, which gave him a national[...]m 1973 he was the Government
nominee on the Board of Trustees of the
National Art Gallery, National Museum[...]

Luit Bieringa, former Director of the
Manawatu Art Gallery and appointed
Director of the National Art Gallery in
1979, suspected that[...]aland on bodies such
as the International Council of Museums
and the Commonwealth Association of
Museums. Bieringa described him as ‘a
cultured[...]uniary gain and with
a strong belief in the value of knowledge’.

Massey University Archives Photograph Collection.

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Collection of Te Manawa Museums Trust, Palmerston North,
97/197[...]recht, Milan Mrkusich
and Fred Graham. Forty-five of the sixty
masks, collected on his overseas trips,[...]eights, are now in Te Manawa.
He related his love of masks to his interest in
acting, since once you p[...]r Neil Waters, to allocate
money for the purchase of art works, and by
January 1986 a small committee[...]000 to improve this exhibition facility,
and part of the collection was shown at Te

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62

Japanese mask given to Professor Thomson by one of
his Japanese ex-students, Y Nakamura in 1980.

Collection of Te Manawa Museums Trust, Palmerston North,
97/197[...]mpuses.

Thomson edited Art Galleries and Museums
of New Zealand, 1981, republished in 1991
as A Guide[...]enduring legacy to the art galleries
and museums of this country was the
establishment at Massey of a much-needed
professional training course[...]

He was honoured with an MBE in 1975,
and made a Companion of the Order of St
Michael and St George (CMG) in 1987 for his
se[...]ndly and
sociable person, who maintained networks
of friends in Palmerston North, New Zealand
and over[...]nd a structured life, that he chose to spend
much of his time associating with actors,
artists and wor[...]ageous
when Thomson was around. He was
supportive of his family, but despite clearly
enjoying the company of women, never
married. Perhaps his peripatetic lif[...]nt to establish a close
relationship and a family of his own.

Professor Graeme Fraser was a long-term[...]nd friend who spent much time
with him at the end of his life. He saw him as
‘agood man, who strove[...]M. R. Campus Beyond the Walls: The
First 25 Years of Massey. University’s Extramural
Programme. Palm[...]Dunmore
Press, 1985.

The Palmerstonian: Magazine of the Palmerston North
Boys’ High School, 1936-19[...]ld.
Palmerston North, Geography Programme,
School of People, Environment and Planning,
Massey Universi[...]Post Office Guide, 1925.

Official Sources

Board of Trustees of the National Art Gallery,
NationalMuseumand Natio[...]ladies.htm. Accessed 19
October 2007.

University of Adelaide Theatre Guild|1950s http://
www.adelaide[...]r, 2007.

——————_ THEMANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

2008. The first part of the interview was published in Issue Five

of the Journal. This part traces Mr Mandahl’s life from the end of

the Second World War.

Before the War, Ivan Mand[...]hemistry was very different. During
the War a lot of things had changed, and
nearly all the old formul[...]We made a liquid with a

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64

preparation called li[...]ashing liquid.

Then ICI in America made a tablet of it
and that finished it for us because the tablet[...]d still kept it going and for a while
I used part of the store; I built a dark room
and was doing the[...]very much
available cash; I did have quite a bit of money
tied up in the veterinary part which[...]

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66

Photograph courtesy Ivan Mandahl.

person, they want a number of people to get
an advantage out of this piece’ then he said,
“You put in this pr[...]it in
at so much a foot, I had to say the amount of
frontage I wanted so I asked for the corner
piece[...]e who you are’. He told me his
name, he was one of my camp cobbers in
the Army. It’s not wh[...]

And then these sections came up. We ca[...]t that
stage Blanche and I moved in. We had boxes
of wedding presents that we had never seen
since our[...]ards. Then I built our furniture. I've
built most of it, and most of the furniture
at the shop. And I’m building two[...]right now in my spare time.

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

MALCOLM P[...]ol was
followed by controversy involving a review
of one of his novels in the Manawatu Daily
Times in 1956 an[...]er illustrates historian
Rollo Arnold’s concept ofOF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010

———— 70

was in 1956, just before the start of sustained,
large-scale migration westward. His ca[...]ols
as well as the challenges faced by both kinds
of schools at that time.

The 1950s and 1960s were an era of change
and challenge for secondary schools in
Aus[...]ey moved unevenly towards
more progressive models of education. The
frequent occurrence of sackings and forced
resignations in Australian corporate schools
in the 1950s and 1960s were consequences
of conflict arising from appointments of
progressive heads, usually from outside the
‘normal’ sources of recruitment, and whose
experimental approaches al[...]ouncils.

Progressive education covered a variety
of emphases in independent schools, such

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72

‘I came late to a b[...]there
was no way the conforming, frighten[ed] men
of an appointing Board of Governors would
invoke censure by selecting a man[...]e him to admonish his
pupils for the explicit use of those very same
words.

‘If you were not a resident of Palmerston
North at the time the Rectorship of the Boys’
High School was about to be decided y[...]ved amazing, if unexpected, support
from Old Boys of the school and from
returned servicemen, many of them former
pupils of the school also. Against them were
arrayed the forces of decency and opposition
to foul language. Decency won, Stan Craven
was appointed.

‘One of my strongest and most forthright
opponents was Blair Tennent, a_ local
dentist, a Member of the appointing Board
of Governors and the local Member of
the House of Representatives, who if
successful at the parliam[...]appointed
Rector, was to have been made Minister
of Education. But he was defeated by none
other than[...]rt due to Skog’s popularity, in part
the result of Tennent’s known opposition to
the candidature of me, Guthrie Wilson, for
the position of Rector of Palmerston North
Boys’ High School.’ A[...]

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Wilson’s approach was that of a tough
disciplinarian. In his Memoirs, he relate[...]rlining in the original.

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——— 74

In February[...]ter awarded the Military Cross. He was an
officer of the school cadet unit after the war.

Some degree of cultural competence and
style was desirable and W[...]d frequently, translated, and sold over
a quarter of a million copies. He conformed
to one image of New Zealand males in his
era: tall men in uniform[...]destly
ambitious about his school leadership. One
of the characters in Sweet White Wine refers
to the opportunity of a headship. ‘That’s only
King of the Tweedledums.’

Not surprisingly then, Wilso[...]e
books produced in longhand on the kitchen
table of his Mosman home. His reputation
in independent sc[...]ecoming Acting Principal in 1966.

The traditions of The Scots College had
already been shaped by New[...]what old boys
came to portray as the golden years of a
glorious tradition. The ethos establishe[...]

75

the part and the disaffected segments of
Council, Old Boys and staff were impressed.
As unhappiness with McLucas_festered,
members of Council spoke to him about their
problems with th[...]again appointed Acting Principal.

Guthrie Wilson of Scots College.
Photo: The Scots College, Sydney.[...]d guard’,
resolved to seek a change to Clause 7 of
the College’s constitution which specified
that the Principal should be a communicant
member of the Presbyterian Church. Wilson
was an Anglican a[...]lson or else’; it was perhaps the
‘last fling of the old brigade’. They wanted
to preserve the tough old tradition of the
golden age of Anderson and fellow New
Zealander Wilson looked like the kind of

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Based on his own education at Palmersto[...]t surprising that Wilson

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76

placed great value on[...]Speech Day address in 1966 and
his last as Guest of Honour in 1979, Wilson
quoted the same passage fr[...]nts
within its pupils. He also insisted on pupils
of all abilities getting quality teaching. Here,
clearly, was a liberal humanist of the old
school, but this attitude did not prevent[...]on’s leadership style was a very
important part of his success at Scots. Hemade
an unexpected, but inspired, choice of Senior
Master. Staff turnover increased noticeabl[...]ly than his predecessor, as his realistic
picture of the educational expertise of a
fictional school council in The Incorruptibles[...]cise, unlike the long, detailed and frank
reports of his predecessors. He knew that
to dwell in[...]

Using Rollo Arnold’s idea of ‘perennial
interchange’, his second and _ thi[...]on their
third New Zealander. Arnold also speaks
of ‘Seeking the prophet of greater honour
from abroad ... unhampered by fami[...], which certainly also
applies to the recruitment of New Zealand
teachers for Australian schools. Aust[...]articles

Arnold, R. ‘The Dynamics and Quality of Trans-
Tasman Migration, 1885-1910’. Australian[...]ory Review, 26, 1986, 1-20.

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

Primary Source

Wilson, G. Memoirs of a Simple Man. Typescript
in possession of the family, Wing Valley via
Walcha, NSW, Australi[...]Lupton and Bettina Anderson

A new hardcover book of photographs by David Lupton,
depicting the beauty of Manawatu “from the roadside”

Between Rivers[...]ir”.

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78

research projects as part of their formal assessment for their NCEA

history q[...]ston North
Boys’ High School that have made use of
local resources, as well as national (Alexander
T[...]In Year 13 (Level 3) students have researched
one of the 121 Old Boys of the school who were
killed in the Second World Wa[...]h done, a Memorial Booklet, entitled
‘The World of ****** as a Young Man’ is
developed.

This book[...]ing and/or significant in

New Zealand on the day of his death?

-

2.

gi

79

As most of these men were very young and
had little personal[...]udents. Naturally, some
students have found a lot of information about
their actual Old Boy — a bonu[...]shot down over Germany in 1942.
During the course of his investigation, he found
a website that referr[...]nt and
provided information about the whereabouts of
the actual crash site. There was a contact email[...]age where the plane crashed. He
provided a series of photographs taken of the
wrecked plane in which Spencer had been killed.
This sort of lucky break is what makes research
so exciting.

Other features of this programme that are
of note include:

THE MANAWATU JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ISSUE 6, 2010 ©

e The sudden flash of realization that history
is actually about real p[...]o tend to get lost in
the intricacies and details of the course of
events. In my classes, I have actually seen
stude[...]ington where they
are introduced to a whole range of research
activities, such as detective work in the
genealogy section; poring through the huge
collection of WWII official photographs;
delving for the first time into the vast morass
of Hansard and scanning through page
after page of the newspapers on microfilm.
While these are stan[...]t in which students were

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80

to choose a specific[...]om before 1960 and create a 5 minute
presentation of life in Palmerston North in that
year.

Most of the students delved into the PNCC
website — to the History timeline. They selected
a wildly eclectic range of events, ranging from
the Official Opening of Memorial Park in
1952, the opening to the new Gla[...]second bridge over the river and the
development of the Palmerston North Airport.
As many of these topics had never been written
about before, some boys found themselves in
the position of being young historians writing
brand new history[...]their account.

The students gained a huge amount of
information and material from the PNCC
Archives s[...]ely helpful.
Just using the archives was for most of the
students a new experience, and to then be
suc[...]that many students used to good effect.

The best of these presentations was produced
by Ryan Stockley, who provided a detailed and
interesting account of the development of the
Milson Airport. His work was submitted in the[...]ing for all concerned, the most inspiring
feature of the award was that a seventeen-year-
old student had produced a first class piece of
history using local primary resources —[...]

Two centenary celebrations, for the founding
of the Manchester Block and of the Feilding
Borough, were held in 1974 and 1981.[...]was used in displays and exhibitions. While most
of the lent items were returned to the owners, some[...]g
tutor and matron, was then a current councillor
of the local Feilding Borough Council and on the
org[...]opportunity to retain this material as the
basis of a community archive that could one day
be achieve[...]ilding Historical Society and the Feilding
Branch of NZ Society of Genealogists — thought
otherwise and approached[...]rmed a working committee to
oversee the formation of a community archive
that would operate as an inde[...]Manawatu Historic Vehicle Collection
Trust Board of the Coach House Museum offered
a location for the[...]heir horse drawn
carriage museum and after months of planning
and fundraising the building was complet[...]ed in archival approved conditions.
The first set of records to be housed in the new
archive came from the Feilding Library and
mainly consisted of photographs. The material
proved a good testing g[...]earn both conservation techniques
and cataloguing of the material. The second and
larger collection of records arrived in August
2009 from the Manawatu[...]munity records for the
last forty years on behalf of its ratepayers. All the
material relates to the c[...]s;
and some school records as well as the records
of local clubs that are still operational but need
a[...]tain all this material
as the temporary custodian of the area’s records
— over 300 boxes of records in all.

The new community archive purcha[...]actice to conserve records.

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This development has been most of this
decade in the making. It has been through
se[...]ted
building shell, more than 2,000 square metres of
new galleries are being developed. Within each
of these new exhibitions, new concepts and ideas

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82

communicating the significance of our region’s
heritage are emerging.

These new galleries will include a natural
history of the region explored through the
impact of the Manawatu River, a new Tangata
Whenua gallery,[...]ocate the historic cottage
Totaranui to the front of the museum complex
and introduce overt symbols of our heritage
into the landscape. Our education facilities
are being located at the front of the building,
reflecting the important role educa[...]on.

In all these decisions we are the architects of
public spaces and the conversations that we are
constructing within them. The placement of
material culture in these spaces and experiences[...], I described research I had done
on the founding of the Bridle Track (Manawatu
Riverside Walkway) by members of the Tiritea
Pony Club in the 1960s. The walkway w[...]on
the Small property, Old West Road. At the time
of the article, the whereabouts of the Minutes
of the Pony Club were unknown, and so many
pe[...]

With many of the people involved being busy
with various proje[...]Manawatu — The Manawatu
Savage Club’s Century of Achievement.

By Noel Watts

Published by the Man[...]9.

Reviewed by Noelene R Wevell

I’m sure many of us have wondered about the
jazz band that plays on the back of a truck in every
Christmas Parade. If one looks h[...]as written by Noel Watts reveals much.

It tells of a club first started by a group of
musicians and performers in London in 1857.
Its n[...]s were W S Gilbert and Charlie Chaplin.

The idea of such a club spread around the
world and came to N[...]atu Savage Club.

83

Noel Watts’ history tells of ‘raids’ (visiting
other Clubs), public concer[...]crest was to be Tane-nui-arangi.
In 2000 the use of Maori names was discontinued,
members feeling uncomfortable with this
appropriation of indigenous culture.

A glance at the names associ[...]the
present day can also be found in memberships
of the Palmerston North Orchestral Society,
the Palm[...]ever, it was not until 2004

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84

My one regret with Mr Watts’ excellent
history is the occasional use of the term ‘Savage
and Orphans’ Club’.[...]

Manawatu Memory Online

View a selection of digitised resources from our collections[...]

TXT

This painting has its origins in an invitation to travel to the Netherlands, with a series of works
commemorating, and giving a Ma-ori perspective on, the anniversary of Dutch explorer Abel
Tasman’s arrival in New Zea[...]acrylics, on
watercolour paper. The taniko border of the cloak above the land signifies mana, and that the land
is a land of distinction; the floating threads emanating from the sacred upper edges of the cloak
symbolise the local people’s whakapap[...]active space. Below, the Manawatu River flows out of Te Apiti, the Manawatu Gorge, and meanders
across[...]who became a totara tree and carved out the path of the river on
his way from the Wairarapa, east of the ranges, to the west coast. The canoe of the next navigator,
Kupe, can be seen to the left of Okatia. One of Kupe’s wives was Ruahine, after whom the ranges
to the left of the picture are named. The third great navigator was Tasman, and his boat is also in
the sky, to the left of Kupe’s. Constellations and single stars in the sky are the Ma-ori equivalent
of the compasses that Tasman used as navigational to[...]e Manawatu River
meets the Pohangina was the site of an outpost of the Rangita-ne people. The site has since been
wa[...]y including at
the bottom right edge the patterns of some very old flax belts from the Manawatu Museum (now
Te Manawa). Some of these patterns also appear in the traditional taniko borders of the cloak. The
unusual vertical pattern in the centre of the cloak, which is not traditional, was inspired[...]hapes from that carving also appear on the figure of Okatia.

Lucy Marsden

ISSN 1176-9602

5 “CLEARED TO LAND”
EARLY DAYS OF AVIATION IN 70 PROPHET NOT WITHOUT[...]ILSON
Graham Parsons OF PALMERSTON NORTH[...]WEAVING THE STRANDS Century of Achievement
Lucy Marsden[...]1 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

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By the end of 1930 the land had been Milson airport received its share of visits
ploughed, levelled and sown, and in[...]our record solo flight

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polished marble and c[...]es and the firm illustrates perfectly some of the influential
grew to be one of the largest in Palmerston town-planning principles of the time; this is
North. Other firms also benefited. Some one of the reasons for its heritage status. From
housing construction was undertaken by the beginning of the twentieth century there
Higgins, Arcus and Co. Forty percent of was a growing belief that housing an[...]planning should contribute to the health
of brick veneer and this provided stimulus and happiness of the residents and should
to local brick works. Br[...]also be aesthetically pleasing. The concept of
Featherston Street also made tiles for fire[...]ld War II, sanitary ware. Konka board, of the city became the ideal. This was the
a cladding material, was also made in emphasis of the Town Planning Conference
Palmerston North. Th[...]held in Wellington in 1919 and attended by
of Alexander Clark Ltd provided paint and[...]ction. The success of the original Labour state[...]17 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

Early plan of Savage Crescent State Housing Area. (Street names[...]lace; islands for tree planting; varied positions of houses on
sections. The hatched squares on houses[...]atheson City Archives.

the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010[...]

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Plan of Atawhai (Fergusson Hall) before the alterations i[...]29 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

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The story of the early settlement of New Zealand is one of
coastal occupation by both Māori and Europeans, followed
by subdivision of the land. For the most part the early Māori
established settlements on the coast and on the open areas of the
interior and then defined tribal areas by ‘[...]settling on the coast
and on the open grasslands of the east coasts of both islands. Their
subdivision of the land, however, was based on English principles
of private land title, developed since the Norman Conquest.
The importance of the early surveyors 1840 was subdivi[...]rty years, into counties,
There were early charts of the New Zealand towns and boroughs. In 1853 the Wellington
coastline, but the interior of the new country Province was created and i[...]Small Farm Association was founded,
was the role of the surveyor to provide the with the intention of purchasing Wairarapa
topographical maps that enab[...]ions to be established, as beginning of planned small scale farming
well as the required[...]rovided a
government guarantee as to the accuracy of By the 1870s the political clima[...]lement. Government legislation
The new country of New Zealand after from 1860 to 1[...]35 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

The early settlement of Wanganui (now
Whanganui) and the surrounding open
grasslands meant that by the 1880s it was the
centre of farming, trade and commerce in the
northern part of the Wellington Province.
Further population growt[...]. In 1885 a Wanganui
Small Farms Association, one of several in
the Wellington Province, was establish[...]ngineer and surveyor who periods of living and working in a small
arrived in Wellingt[...]r to the Ashley County in activities of the surveyors from the local
Canterbury. His seco[...]angiora on 9 July 1859. He records of three such occasions involving
followed his fathe[...]ng in the 1883 at Karioi, when Aropeta of Murimotu
Wanganui district, working for H C Field; in was arrested on the charge of ‘the larceny of
1886 he married Margaret Avice Field, the[...]Field, his constables. The newspapers of the day lost
father-in-law, was a civil engineer.[...]inted Clerk and Engineer to state of the roading networks when they
the Wanganui Town[...]les] will
he acted as Engineer to the Road Boards of long remember – and [70 year old] A[...]so – the rough
responsible for the construction of about journey from Murimotu. They must add
2,000 miles of roads in the district. their testimony to the chorus of witnesses[...]ecent thoroughfare.’

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In the 1870s the government had gazetted
several large land blocks in the northern
part of the Wellington Province as Waste
Land. These incl[...]s Pemberton’s second daughter,
the western part of this block was leased by[...]of a restless nature’ so it is not surprising
June[...]that he wished to take up farming; it was an
of the block was purchased for £51,961 from[...]Mr. Knox reported on their inspection of the[...]of £1 per acre and request a detailed survey
Farms[...]of the chosen area. A subcommittee was
under the exi[...]rton Small
required by government included: 1/3rd of[...]The first meeting of this new Association
rural sections to be availab[...]was on 1 May 1885. By 22 May a set of rules
price to be £1 per acre; and allotment was[...]of fourteen prospective settlers, including
deposit[...]were to be taken up, with 400 acres to be
of a Small Farms Association; and must[...]37 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

Pemberton Corner
The names of the owners, shown on the sections, are taken from[...]nformation/Signmakers.

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‘Gangs of bushmen were engaged and
Father spent most of his time there, while
Mother and I carried on at[...]aking butter. We had 500 hens and the
same number of ducks. The skim milk was
made into curds and thes[...]not unusual in the summer
for me to get the herd of 20 cows in at 2
a.m. Mother could not milk and Helen [the
elder daughter] was at College. Of course
there were no machines in those days. On
r[...]re she died in
‘Mother hated leaving in spite of all the[...]ridle tracks for roads

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45 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

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beginning of a 31-year career in local body put[...]annoyance of the mayor.’
‘I was really the outsider on that
Council. Others were the ‘establishment’ of Pat was a constant irritant, al[...]at started the battles. [From 1956] of the community over another. The local
Blair Tenne[...]very friendly! … He was very of ‘The City Watchdog’ and Pat was proud
dogmati[...]51 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

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From 1953 to 1961 he lectured in Geography
at the University of Adelaide, being promoted
to Senior Lecturer. His[...]ar reconstruction.
He also edited the Proceedings of the South
Australian Branch of the Royal Geographical
Society, was one of the founding members
of the Institute of Australian Geographers,
encouraged the Adelaide T[...]ch he directed several
plays.

During a period of overseas leave in
1960-61 he visited some sixty g[...]lington. He was invited to apply
for the position of principal at Palmerston
North University College[...]er. In December 1961,
He took up the position of Principal of Thomson was interviewed by this Coun[...]informed. He had made a thorough study of
he reportedly performed well, in what[...]He favoured the eventual formation of a full
were moves to merge it with nearby Massey[...]e’,
In July 1961, a Council for the Development of and that both institutions should be mature

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Helicopter flight to Te Papa, S[...]61 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

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Professor[...]ment. http://www.gcplayhouse.
with him at the end of his life. He saw him as org/data/gcp_pl[...]ersity’, and who through University of Adelaide Theatre Guild|1950s http://
his involvem[...]63 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

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the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010 82

I’m sure many of us have wondered about the Noel Watts’ history tells of ‘raids’ (visiting
jazz band that plays on the back of a truck in every other Clubs), public conc[...]In 2000 the use of Maori names was discontinued,
It tells of a club first started by a group of members feeling uncomfortable with this[...]in London in 1857. appropriation of indigenous culture.
Its name is derived from Rich[...]ach), lawyers (Bert Jacobs, Justice
The idea of such a club spread around the McGreg[...]s, TV and visiting entertainers, many of the Palmerston North Orchestral Society,
Savage C[...]83 the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010

the manawatū journal of history, ISSUE 6, 2010 84

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